{"id":1692,"date":"2022-06-20T15:38:50","date_gmt":"2022-06-20T13:38:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ellis-photos.com\/?post_type=product&#038;p=1692"},"modified":"2022-12-15T12:18:31","modified_gmt":"2022-12-15T10:18:31","slug":"deep-valley","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/ellis-photos.com\/?product=deep-valley","title":{"rendered":"Valley"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"quote_text\">\n<h1>Valley<\/h1>\n<p>There is never a majestic mountain without a deep valley, and there is no birth without pain.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"quote_author\">\u2014 Daniel Crawford<\/p>\n<p>A\u00a0<b>valley<\/b>\u00a0is an elongated low area often running between\u00a0<a title=\"Hill\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hill\">hills<\/a>\u00a0or\u00a0<a title=\"Mountain\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mountain\">mountains<\/a>, which will typically contain a\u00a0<a title=\"River\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/River\">river<\/a>\u00a0or\u00a0<a title=\"Stream\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stream\">stream<\/a>\u00a0running from one end to the other. Most valleys are formed by\u00a0<a title=\"Erosion\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Erosion\">erosion<\/a>\u00a0of the land surface by rivers or streams over a very long period. Some valleys are formed through erosion by\u00a0<a title=\"Glacier\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glacier\">glacial ice<\/a>. These glaciers may remain present in valleys in high mountains or polar areas.<\/p>\n<p>At lower latitudes and altitudes, these\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Glaciation\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glaciation\">glacially formed<\/a>\u00a0valleys may have been created or enlarged during\u00a0<a title=\"Ice age\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ice_age\">ice ages<\/a>\u00a0but now are ice-free and occupied by streams or rivers. In\u00a0<a title=\"Desert\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desert\">desert<\/a>\u00a0areas, valleys may be entirely dry or carry a watercourse only rarely. In\u00a0<a title=\"Karst\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karst\">areas of limestone bedrock<\/a>,\u00a0<a title=\"Dry valley\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dry_valley\">dry valleys<\/a>\u00a0may also result from drainage now taking place\u00a0<a title=\"Cave\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cave\">underground<\/a>\u00a0rather than at the surface.\u00a0<a title=\"Rift valley\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rift_valley\">Rift valleys<\/a>\u00a0arise principally from\u00a0<a title=\"Tectonics\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tectonics\">earth movements<\/a>, rather than erosion. Many different types of valleys are described by geographers, using terms that may be global in use or else applied only locally.<\/p>\n<div id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\" role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"mw-toc-heading\">\n<p><input id=\"toctogglecheckbox\" class=\"toctogglecheckbox\" role=\"button\" type=\"checkbox\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"toctitle\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n<h2 id=\"mw-toc-heading\">Contents<\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#Formation_of_valleys\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Formation of valleys<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#River_valleys\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.1<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">River\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-3\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#Glacial_valleys\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.2<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Glacial\u00a0<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-4\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#Tunnel\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.2.1<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Tunnel<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-5\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#Meltwater\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.2.2<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Meltwater<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-6\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#Transition_forms_and_shoulders\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.3<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Transition forms and shoulders<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-7\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#Hanging_tributary\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.4<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Hanging tributary<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-8\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#Trough-shaped\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.5<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Trough-shaped<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-9\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#Box\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.6<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Box<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-10\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#Rift\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.7<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Rift<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-11\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#Terms_for_valleys\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Terms for valleys<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-12\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#British_regional_terms_for_valleys\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.1<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">British regional terms for valleys<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-13\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#Human_settlement\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Human settlement<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-14\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#Notable_examples\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Notable examples<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-15\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#Africa\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.1<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Africa<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-16\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#Asia\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.2<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Asia<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-17\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#Oceania\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.3<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Oceania<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-18\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#Europe\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.4<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Europe<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-19\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#North_America\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.5<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">North America<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-20\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#South_America\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.6<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">South America<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-21\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#Antarctica\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.7<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Antarctica<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-22\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#Extraterrestrial_valleys\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Extraterrestrial<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-23\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#See_also\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">See also<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-24\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#References\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">References<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-25\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#External_links\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">External links<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-26\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#Extraterrestrial_valleys_2\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8.1<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Extraterrestrial valleys<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Formation_of_valleys\" class=\"mw-headline\">Formation of valleys<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>It may arise through several different processes. Most commonly, they arise from <a title=\"Erosion\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Erosion\">erosion<\/a>\u00a0over long periods by\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Fluvial\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluvial\">moving water<\/a>\u00a0and are known as river valleys. Typically small valleys containing streams feed into larger valleys which in turn feed into larger valleys again, eventually reaching the ocean or perhaps an\u00a0<a title=\"Endorheic basin\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Endorheic_basin\">internal drainage basin<\/a>. In polar areas and at high altitudes, valleys may be eroded by\u00a0<a title=\"Glacier\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glacier\">glaciers<\/a>; these typically have a U-shaped profile in cross-section, in contrast to river valleys, which tend to have a V-shaped profile. Other valleys may arise principally through tectonic processes such as\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Rifting\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rifting\">rifting<\/a>. All three processes can contribute to the development of a valley over geological time. The flat (or relatively flat) portion of a valley between its sides is referred to as the valley floor. The valley floor is typically formed by river sediments and may have\u00a0<a title=\"Fluvial terrace\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluvial_terrace\">fluvial terraces<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"River_valleys\" class=\"mw-headline\">River valleys\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>Valley of Palakaria river springing from\u00a0<a title=\"Vitosha\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitosha\">Vitosha<\/a>\u00a0Mountain, seen in the background, in\u00a0<a title=\"Geography of Bulgaria\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geography_of_Bulgaria\">Bulgaria<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The development of a river valley is affected by the character of the bedrock over which the river or stream flows, the elevational difference between its top and bottom, and indeed the climate. Typically the flow will increase downstream and the gradient will decrease. In the upper valley, the stream will most effectively erode its bed through\u00a0<a title=\"Corrasion\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corrasion\">corrasion<\/a>\u00a0to produce a steep-sided V-shaped valley. The presence of more resistant rock bands, of\u00a0<a title=\"Fault (geology)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fault_(geology)\">geological faults<\/a>,\u00a0<a title=\"Fracture (geology)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fracture_(geology)\">fractures<\/a>, and\u00a0<a title=\"Fold (geology)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fold_(geology)\">folds<\/a>\u00a0may determine the course of the stream and result in a twisting course with\u00a0<a title=\"Interlocking spur\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interlocking_spur\">interlocking spurs<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In the middle valley, as numerous streams have coalesced, the valley is typically wider, the flow slower and both erosion and deposition may take place. More lateral erosion takes place in the middle section of a river's course, as strong currents on the outside of its curve erode the bank. Conversely, deposition may take place on the inside of curves where the current is much slacker, the process leading to the river assuming a\u00a0<a title=\"Meander\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meander\">meandering<\/a>\u00a0character. In the lower valley, gradients are lowest, meanders may be much broader and a broader\u00a0<a title=\"Floodplain\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Floodplain\">floodplain<\/a>\u00a0may result. Deposition dominates over erosion.<sup id=\"cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#cite_note-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#cite_note-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0A typical river basin or drainage basin will incorporate each of these different types of valleys.<\/p>\n<p>Some sections of a stream or river valleys may have vertically incised their course to such an extent that the valley they occupy is best described as a\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Gorge\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gorge\">gorge<\/a>,\u00a0<a title=\"Ravine\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ravine\">ravine<\/a>, or\u00a0<a title=\"Canyon\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Canyon\">canyon<\/a>. Rapid down-cutting may result from localized uplift of the land surface or rejuvenation of the watercourse as a result for example of a reduction in the base level to which the river is eroded, e.g. lowered global sea level during an\u00a0<a title=\"Ice age\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ice_age\">ice age<\/a>. Such\u00a0<a title=\"River rejuvenation\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/River_rejuvenation\">rejuvenation<\/a>\u00a0may also result in the production of\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"River terrace\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/River_terrace\">river terraces<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#cite_note-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\" role=\"note\">For various lists of river valleys, see\u00a0<a title=\"Category:River valleys\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:River_valleys\">Category:River valleys<\/a>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<h2 class=\"magnify\">Glaciated valley<\/h2>\n<p>A glaciated valley in the\u00a0<a title=\"Mount Hood Wilderness\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mount_Hood_Wilderness\">Mount Hood Wilderness<\/a>\u00a0showing a characteristic U-shape, the bottom's rocky 'rubble' accretion and the broad shoulders<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>There are various forms\u00a0 associated with glaciation. True glacial valleys are those that have been cut by a glacier which may or may not still occupy the valley at the present day. Such valleys may also be known as glacial troughs. They typically have a <a title=\"U-shaped valley\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U-shaped_valley\">U-shaped cross-section<\/a>\u00a0and are characteristic landforms of mountain areas where glaciation has occurred or continues to take place.<sup id=\"cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#cite_note-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The uppermost part of a glacial valley frequently consists of one or more 'armchair-shaped' hollows, or '<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cirques\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cirques\">cirques<\/a>', excavated by the rotational movement downslope of a cirque glacier. During glacial periods, for example, the\u00a0<a title=\"Pleistocene\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pleistocene\">Pleistocene<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"Ice age\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ice_age\">ice ages<\/a>, it is in these locations that glaciers initially form and then, as the ice age proceeds extend downhill through valleys that have previously been shaped by water rather than ice.\u00a0<a title=\"Abrasion (geology)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abrasion_(geology)\">Abrasion<\/a>\u00a0the movement of ice and particularly by rock material embedded within it causes the widening and deepening of the valley to produce the characteristic U or trough shape with relatively steep, even vertical sides and a relatively flat bottom.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"Interlocking spur\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interlocking_spur\">Interlocking spurs<\/a>\u00a0associated with the development of river valleys are preferentially eroded to produce\u00a0<a title=\"Truncated spur\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Truncated_spur\">truncated spurs<\/a>, typical of glaciated mountain landscapes. The upper end of the trough below the ice-contributing cirques may be a\u00a0<a class=\"new\" title=\"U-shaped valley end (page does not exist)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=U-shaped_valley_end&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">trough-end<\/a>.\u00a0<a title=\"Valley step\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley_step\">Valley steps<\/a>\u00a0(or 'rock steps') can result from differing erosion rates due to both the nature of the bedrock (hardness and jointing for example) and the power of the moving ice. In places, a rock basin may be excavated which may later be filled with water to form a\u00a0<a title=\"Ribbon lake\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ribbon_lake\">ribbon lake<\/a>\u00a0or else by sediments. Such features are found in coastal areas as\u00a0<a title=\"Fjord\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fjord\">fjords<\/a>. The shape of the valley which results from all of these influences may only become visible upon the recession of the glacier that forms it.<sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#cite_note-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0A river or stream may remain in the valley; if it is smaller than one would expect given the size of its valley, it can be considered an example of a\u00a0<a title=\"Misfit stream\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Misfit_stream\">misfit stream<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Other interesting glacially carved valleys include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"Yosemite Valley\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yosemite_Valley\">Yosemite Valley<\/a>\u00a0(United States)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Side valley\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Side_valley\">Side valleys<\/a>\u00a0of the Austrian river\u00a0<a title=\"Salzach\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salzach\">Salzach<\/a>\u00a0for their parallel directions and hanging mouths.<\/li>\n<li>That of the\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"St. Mary River (Montana-Alberta)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/St._Mary_River_(Montana-Alberta)\">St. Mary River<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Glacier National Park (United States)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glacier_National_Park_(United_States)\">Glacier National Park<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<a title=\"Montana\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montana\">Montana<\/a>, United States.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span id=\"Tunnel\" class=\"mw-headline\">Tunnel<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>A tunnel valley is a large, long, U-shaped valley originally cut under the glacial ice near the margin of continental ice sheets such as that now covering Antarctica and formerly covering portions of all continents during past glacial ages.<sup id=\"cite_ref-J_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#cite_note-J-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Such valleys can be up to 100\u00a0km (62\u00a0mi) long, 4\u00a0km (2.5\u00a0mi) wide, and 400\u00a0m (1,300\u00a0ft) deep (its depth may vary along its length). Tunnel valleys were formed by subglacial\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Water erosion\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water_erosion\">water erosion<\/a>. They once served as subglacial drainage pathways carrying large volumes of meltwater. Their cross-sections exhibit steep-sided flanks similar to fjord walls, and their flat bottoms are typical of subglacial glacial erosion.<\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"Meltwater\" class=\"mw-headline\">Meltwater<\/span><\/h4>\n<div class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\" role=\"note\">Main article:\u00a0<a title=\"Urstromtal\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Urstromtal\">Urstromtal<\/a><\/div>\n<p>In northern Central Europe, the Scandinavian ice sheet during the various ice ages advanced slightly uphill against the lie of the land. As a result, its meltwaters flowed parallel to the ice margin to reach the North Sea basin, forming huge, flat valleys known as\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Urstromt\u00e4ler\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Urstromt%C3%A4ler\">Urstromt\u00e4ler<\/a>. Unlike the other forms of glacial valleys, these were formed by glacial meltwaters.<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tnone\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3><span id=\"Transition_forms_and_shoulders\" class=\"mw-headline\">Transition forms and shoulders<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<p>Depending on the <a title=\"Topography\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Topography\">topography<\/a>, the\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Rock type\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rock_type\">rock types<\/a>, and the\u00a0<a title=\"Climate\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate\">climate<\/a>, a variety of transitional forms between V-, U- and plain<sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template\">[<i><a title=\"Wikipedia:Please clarify\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Please_clarify\"><span title=\"The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2021)\">clarification needed<\/span><\/a><\/i>]<\/sup>\u00a0valleys can form. The floor or bottom of these valleys can be broad or narrow, but all valleys have a shoulder. The broader a mountain valley, the lower its shoulders are located in most cases. An important exception is canyons where the shoulder almost is near the top of the valley's slope. In the Alps \u2013 e.g. the\u00a0<a title=\"Tyrol (state)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tyrol_(state)\">Tyrolean<\/a>\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Inn River\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inn_River\">Inn<\/a>\u00a0valley \u2013 the shoulders are quite low (100\u2013200 meters above the bottom). Many villages are located here (esp. on the sunny side) because the climate is very mild: even in winter when the valley's floor is filled with fog, these villages are in\u00a0<a title=\"Sunlight\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sunlight\">sunshine<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>In some stress-tectonic regions of the\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Rocky mountains\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rocky_mountains\">Rockies<\/a>\u00a0or the Alps (e.g.\u00a0<a title=\"Salzburg\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salzburg\">Salzburg<\/a>), the\u00a0<a title=\"Side valley\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Side_valley\">side valleys<\/a>\u00a0are parallel to each other, and are\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Hanging valleys\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hanging_valleys\">hanging<\/a>. Smaller streams flow into rivers as deep canyons or\u00a0<a title=\"Waterfall\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Waterfall\">waterfalls<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<h2 class=\"magnify\">Hanging Valley<\/h2>\n<p>A hanging valley is a <a title=\"Tributary\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tributary\">tributary<\/a>\u00a0valley that is higher than the main valley. They are most commonly associated with U-shaped valleys, where a tributary glacier flows into a glacier of larger volume. The main glacier erodes a deep U-shaped valley with nearly vertical sides, while the tributary glacier, with a smaller volume of ice, makes a shallower U-shaped valley. Since the surfaces of the glaciers were originally at the same\u00a0<a title=\"Elevation\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elevation\">elevation<\/a>, the shallower valley appears to be 'hanging' above the main valley. Often, waterfalls form at or near the outlet of the upper valley.<sup id=\"cite_ref-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#cite_note-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Hanging valleys also occur in\u00a0<a title=\"Fjord\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fjord\">fjord<\/a>\u00a0systems underwater. The branches of\u00a0<a title=\"Sognefjord\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sognefjord\">Sognefjord<\/a>\u00a0are much shallower than the main fjord. The mouth of\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Fj\u00e6rlandsfjord\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fj%C3%A6rlandsfjord\">Fj\u00e6rlandsfjord<\/a>\u00a0is about 400 meters deep while the main fjord nearby is 1200 meters deep. The mouth of\u00a0<a class=\"new\" title=\"Ikjefjord (page does not exist)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Ikjefjord&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Ikjefjord<\/a>\u00a0is only 50 meters deep while the main fjord is around 1300 meters at the same point.<sup id=\"cite_ref-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#cite_note-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Glaciated terrain is not the only site of hanging streams and valleys. Hanging valleys are also simply the product of varying rates of erosion of the main valley and the tributary valleys. The varying rates of erosion are associated with the composition of the adjacent rocks in the different valley locations. The tributary valleys are eroded and deepened by glaciers or erosion at a slower rate than that of the main valley floor; thus the difference in the two valleys' depth increases over time. The tributary valley, composed of more resistant rock, then hangs over the main valley.<sup id=\"cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#cite_note-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Trough-shaped\" class=\"mw-headline\">Trough-shaped valley<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Trough-shaped valleys also form in regions of heavy topographic\u00a0<a title=\"Denudation\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Denudation\">denudation<\/a>. By contrast with glacial U-shaped valleys, there is less downward and sideways erosion. The severe downslope denudation results in gently sloping valley sides; their transition to the actual valley bottom is unclear. Trough-shaped valleys occur mainly in\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Periglacial\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Periglacial\">periglacial<\/a>\u00a0regions and in\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Tropical\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tropical\">tropical<\/a>\u00a0regions of variable wetness. Both climates are dominated by heavy denudation.<sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact\">[<i><a title=\"Wikipedia:Citation needed\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed\"><span title=\"This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)\">citation needed<\/span><\/a><\/i>]<\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Box\" class=\"mw-headline\">Box valley<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Box valleys have wide, relatively level floors and steep sides. They are common in periglacial areas and occur in mid-latitudes, but also occur in tropical and arid regions.<sup id=\"cite_ref-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#cite_note-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Rift\" class=\"mw-headline\">Rift valleys<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\" role=\"note\">Main article:\u00a0<a title=\"Rift valley\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rift_valley\">Rift valley<\/a><\/div>\n<p>Rift valleys, such as the\u00a0<a title=\"Albertine Rift\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albertine_Rift\">Albertine Rift<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a title=\"Gregory Rift\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gregory_Rift\">Gregory Rift<\/a>\u00a0are formed by the expansion of the\u00a0<a title=\"Earth\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Earth\">Earth<\/a>'s crust due to\u00a0<a title=\"Plate tectonics\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plate_tectonics\">tectonic<\/a>\u00a0activity beneath the Earth's surface.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Terms_for_valleys\" class=\"mw-headline\">Terms for valleys<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>There are many terms used for different sorts of valleys. They include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"Cove (Appalachian Mountains)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cove_(Appalachian_Mountains)\">Cove<\/a>: A small valley, closed at one or both ends, in the central or southern\u00a0<a title=\"Appalachian Mountains\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Appalachian_Mountains\">Appalachian Mountains<\/a>\u00a0which sometimes results from the erosion of a\u00a0<a title=\"Cove (Appalachian Mountains)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cove_(Appalachian_Mountains)\">geologic window<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Dell (landform)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dell_(landform)\">Dell<\/a>: A small, secluded, and often wooded valley.<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Dry valley\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dry_valley\">Dry valley<\/a>: A valley not created by sustained surface water flow.<\/li>\n<li>Erosional Valley: A valley formed by\u00a0<a title=\"Erosion\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Erosion\">erosion<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Hollow: A term used regionally for a small valley surrounded by mountains or\u00a0<a title=\"Ridge\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ridge\">ridges<\/a>. In\u00a0<a title=\"Ireland\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ireland\">Ireland<\/a>,\u00a0<a title=\"New England\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_England\">New England<\/a>,\u00a0<a title=\"Appalachia\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Appalachia\">Appalachia<\/a>, and the\u00a0<a title=\"Ozarks\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ozarks\">Ozarks<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0<a title=\"Arkansas\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arkansas\">Arkansas<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a title=\"Missouri\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Missouri\">Missouri<\/a>, a hollow is a small valley or dry\u00a0<a title=\"Stream bed\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stream_bed\">stream bed<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Longitudinal valley\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Longitudinal_valley\">Longitudinal valley<\/a>: An elongated valley found between two nearly-parallel mountain chains.<\/li>\n<li><a class=\"new\" title=\"Steephead Valley (page does not exist)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Steephead_Valley&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Steephead Valley<\/a>: A deep, narrow, flat-bottomed valley with an abrupt ending.<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Strike and dip\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Strike_and_dip\">Strike Valley<\/a><b>:<\/b>\u00a0A valley typically developed parallel to a\u00a0<a title=\"Cuesta\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cuesta\">cuesta<\/a>\u00a0from more readily eroded strata.<\/li>\n<li><a class=\"new\" title=\"Structural Valley (page does not exist)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Structural_Valley&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Structural Valley<\/a>: A valley formed by geologic events such as drop faults or the rise of highlands.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NPS_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#cite_note-NPS-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Similar geographical features such as\u00a0<a title=\"Gully\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gully\">gullies<\/a>,\u00a0<a title=\"Chine\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chine\">chines<\/a>, and\u00a0<a title=\"Kloof\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kloof\">kloofs<\/a>, are not usually referred to as valleys.<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<h2>British regional terms for valleys<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The terms\u00a0<a title=\"Cirque\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cirque\">corrie<\/a>,\u00a0<a title=\"Glen\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glen\">glen<\/a>, and\u00a0<a title=\"Strath\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Strath\">strath<\/a>\u00a0are all\u00a0<a title=\"Anglicisation\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anglicisation\">Anglicisations<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0<a title=\"Scottish Gaelic\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scottish_Gaelic\">Gaelic<\/a>\u00a0terms and are commonly encountered in place-names in\u00a0<a title=\"Scotland\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scotland\">Scotland<\/a>\u00a0and other areas where Gaelic was once widespread. Strath signifies a wide valley between hills, the floor of which is either level or slopes gently.<sup id=\"cite_ref-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#cite_note-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0A glen is a river valley which is steeper and narrower than a strath.<sup id=\"cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#cite_note-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0A corrie is a basin-shaped hollow in a mountain.<sup id=\"cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#cite_note-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Each of these terms also occurs in parts of the world formerly\u00a0<a title=\"British Empire\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Empire\">colonized by Britain<\/a>.\u00a0<i>Corrie<\/i>\u00a0is used more widely by geographers as a synonym for (glacial)\u00a0<i><a title=\"Cirque\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cirque\">cirque<\/a><\/i>, as is the word\u00a0<i><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cwm (landform)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cwm_(landform)\">cwm<\/a><\/i>\u00a0borrowed from\u00a0<a title=\"Welsh language\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Welsh_language\">Welsh<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#cite_note-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The word\u00a0<a title=\"Dale (landform)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dale_(landform)\">dale<\/a>\u00a0occurs widely in place names in the north of England and, to a lesser extent, in southern Scotland. As a generic name for a type of valley,\u00a0<a title=\"Dale (landform)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dale_(landform)\">the term<\/a>\u00a0typically refers to a wide valley, though there are many much smaller stream valleys within the\u00a0<a title=\"Yorkshire Dales\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yorkshire_Dales\">Yorkshire Dales<\/a>\u00a0which are named \"(specific name) Dale\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#cite_note-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<a class=\"new\" title=\"Clough (valley) (page does not exist)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Clough_(valley)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Clough<\/a>\u00a0is a word in common use in northern England for a narrow valley with steep sides.<sup id=\"cite_ref-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#cite_note-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<i><a title=\"Gill\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gill\">Gill<\/a><\/i>\u00a0is used to describe a ravine containing a mountain stream in\u00a0<a title=\"Cumbria\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cumbria\">Cumbria<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0<a title=\"Pennines\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pennines\">Pennines<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#cite_note-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The term\u00a0<a title=\"Combe\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Combe\">combe<\/a>\u00a0(also encountered as\u00a0<i>coombe<\/i>) is widespread in southern England and describes a short valley set into a hillside.<sup id=\"cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#cite_note-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Other terms for small valleys such as hope, dean, slade, slac<i>k<\/i>\u00a0and bottom are commonly encountered in place-names in various parts of England but are no longer in general use as synonyms for\u00a0<i>valley<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>The term vale\u00a0<span id=\"Vale\" class=\"anchor\"><\/span>is used in England and Wales to describe a wide river valley, usually with a particularly wide\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Flood plain\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flood_plain\">flood plain<\/a>\u00a0or flat valley bottom. In Southern England, vales commonly occur between the outcrops of different relatively erosion-resistant rock formations, where less\u00a0<a title=\"Geological resistance\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geological_resistance\">resistant<\/a>\u00a0rock, often\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Claystone\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Claystone\">claystone<\/a>\u00a0has been eroded. An example is the\u00a0<a title=\"Vale of White Horse\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vale_of_White_Horse\">Vale of White Horse<\/a>\u00a0in Oxfordshire.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Human_settlement\" class=\"mw-headline\">Human settlement<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Some of the first human\u00a0<a title=\"Complex society\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Complex_society\">complex societies<\/a>\u00a0originated in river valleys, such as that of the\u00a0<a title=\"Nile\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nile\">Nile<\/a>,\u00a0<a title=\"Tigris\u2013Euphrates river system\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system\">Tigris-Euphrates<\/a>,\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Indus\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indus\">Indus<\/a>,\u00a0<a title=\"Ganges\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ganges\">Ganges<\/a>,\u00a0<a title=\"Yangtze\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yangtze\">Yangtze<\/a>,\u00a0<a title=\"Yellow River\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yellow_River\">Yellow River<\/a>,\u00a0<a title=\"Mississippi River\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mississippi_River\">Mississippi<\/a>, and arguably the\u00a0<a title=\"Amazon River\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_River\">Amazon<\/a>. In\u00a0<a title=\"Prehistory\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prehistory\">prehistory<\/a>, the rivers were used as a source of\u00a0<a title=\"Fresh water\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fresh_water\">fresh water<\/a>\u00a0and food (fish and game), as well as a place to wash and a sewer. The proximity of water moderated\u00a0<a title=\"Temperature\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Temperature\">temperature<\/a>\u00a0extremes and provided a source for\u00a0<a title=\"Irrigation\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irrigation\">irrigation<\/a>, stimulating the development of\u00a0<a title=\"Agriculture\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agriculture\">agriculture<\/a>. Most of the\u00a0<a title=\"Cradle of civilization\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cradle_of_civilization\">first civilizations<\/a>\u00a0developed from these river valley communities. Siting of settlements within valleys is influenced by many factors, including the need to avoid flooding and the location of river crossing points.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Notable_examples\" class=\"mw-headline\">Notable examples of valleys<\/span><\/h2>\n<h2><span id=\"Africa\" class=\"mw-headline\">African valleys<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"div-col\">\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"Albertine Rift\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albertine_Rift\">Albertine Rift<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"East African Rift\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_African_Rift\">East African Rift<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Ethiopian Rift Valley\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethiopian_Rift_Valley\">Ethiopian Rift\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Great Rift Valley\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Rift_Valley\">Great Rift\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Nile Valley\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nile_Valley\">Nile <\/a>\u00a0(Egypt\/Sudan\/Ethiopia\/Uganda)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Nugaal Valley\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nugaal_Valley\">Nugaal <\/a>\u00a0(Somalia)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Umba Valley\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Umba_Valley\">Umba <\/a>\u00a0(Tanzania)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Valley of the Kings\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley_of_the_Kings\">Valley of the Kings<\/a>\u00a0(Egypt)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Asia\" class=\"mw-headline\">Asian valleys<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:%22Flowers_Blossom_at_Valley_of_Flowers_Chamoli,_India%22_58.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5b\/%22Flowers_Blossom_at_Valley_of_Flowers_Chamoli%2C_India%22_58.jpg\/220px-%22Flowers_Blossom_at_Valley_of_Flowers_Chamoli%2C_India%22_58.jpg\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5b\/%22Flowers_Blossom_at_Valley_of_Flowers_Chamoli%2C_India%22_58.jpg\/330px-%22Flowers_Blossom_at_Valley_of_Flowers_Chamoli%2C_India%22_58.jpg 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5b\/%22Flowers_Blossom_at_Valley_of_Flowers_Chamoli%2C_India%22_58.jpg\/440px-%22Flowers_Blossom_at_Valley_of_Flowers_Chamoli%2C_India%22_58.jpg 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" data-file-width=\"4032\" data-file-height=\"3024\" \/><\/a><\/h3>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>The\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Valley of Flowers\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley_of_Flowers\">Valley of Flowers<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<a title=\"Uttarakhand\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uttarakhand\">Uttarakhand<\/a>,\u00a0<a title=\"India\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/India\">India<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Oceania\" class=\"mw-headline\">Oceania valleys<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"div-col\">\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"Barossa Valley\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barossa_Valley\">Barossa <\/a>(Australia)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Bulolo Valley\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bulolo_Valley\">Bulolo <\/a>\u00a0(Papua New Guinea)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Capertee Valley\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capertee_Valley\">Capertee <\/a>\u00a0(Australia)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Hunter Region\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hunter_Region\">Hunter Region<\/a>\u00a0(Australia)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Hutt Valley\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hutt_Valley\">Hutt <\/a>\u00a0(New Zealand)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Macarthur, New South Wales\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Macarthur,_New_South_Wales\">Macarthur, New South Wales<\/a>\u00a0(Australia)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Markham Valley\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Markham_Valley\">Markham <\/a>\u00a0(Papua New Guinea)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Cagayan Valley\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cagayan_Valley\">Cagayan <\/a>\u00a0(Philippines)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Strath Taieri\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Strath_Taieri\">Strath Taieri<\/a>\u00a0(New Zealand)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Europe\" class=\"mw-headline\">Europe valleys<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"div-col\">\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"Dalen, Telemark\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dalen,_Telemark\">Dalen, Telemark<\/a>\u00a0(Telemark, Norway)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Bergensdalen\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bergensdalen\">Bergensdalen<\/a>\u00a0(Vestland, Norway)<\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Danube Valley\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Danube_Valley\">Danube<\/a>\u00a0(Eastern Europe)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Glen Coe\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glen_Coe\">Glen Coe<\/a>\u00a0(Scotland, United Kingdom)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Great Glen\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Glen\">Great Glen<\/a>\u00a0(Scotland, United Kingdom)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Gudbrandsdalen\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gudbrandsdalen\">Gudbrandsdalen<\/a>\u00a0(Oppland, Norway)<\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Hallingdalen\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hallingdalen\">Hallingdalen<\/a>\u00a0(Buskerud, Norway)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Heddal\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heddal\">Heddal<\/a>\u00a0(Telemark, Norway)<\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Iron Gate (Danube)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iron_Gate_(Danube)\">Iron Gate<\/a>\u00a0(Romania\/Serbia)<\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Lauterbrunnen Valley\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lauterbrunnen_Valley\">Lauterbrunnen <\/a>\u00a0(Bern, Switzerland)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Loire Valley\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Loire_Valley\">Loire <\/a>\u00a0with its famous castles (France)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Midt-Telemark\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Midt-Telemark\">Midt-Telemark<\/a>\u00a0(Telemark, Norway)<\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Nant Ffrancon\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nant_Ffrancon\">Nant Ffrancon<\/a>\u00a0(Wales, United Kingdom)<\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Numedalen\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Numedalen\">Numedalen<\/a>\u00a0(Buskerud, Norway)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"\u00d8sterdalen\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%98sterdalen\">\u00d8sterdalen<\/a>\u00a0(Hedmark, Norway)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Po Valley\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Po_Valley\">Po<\/a>, (Italy)<\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Rhone Valley\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rhone_Valley\">Rhone <\/a>\u00a0from the\u00a0<a title=\"Matterhorn\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Matterhorn\">Matterhorn<\/a>\u00a0to Grenoble and\u00a0<a title=\"Lyon\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lyon\">Lyon<\/a>\u00a0(France)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Romsdalen\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romsdalen\">Romsdalen<\/a>\u00a0(M\u00f8re Og Romsdal, Norway)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Setesdal\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Setesdal\">Setesdal<\/a>\u00a0(Agder, Norway)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"South Wales Valleys\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Wales_Valleys\">South Wales <\/a>(Wales, United Kingdom)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Upper Rhine\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Upper_Rhine\">Upper Rhine<\/a> or\u00a0<a title=\"Upper Rhine Plain\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Upper_Rhine_Plain\">Upper Rhine Plain<\/a>, an old\u00a0<a title=\"Graben\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Graben\">graben<\/a>\u00a0system. (France and Germany)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Vestfjorddalen\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vestfjorddalen\">Vestfjorddalen<\/a>\u00a0(Norway)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h3><span id=\"North_America\" class=\"mw-headline\">North America valleys<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<p><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Hells_Gate.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/31\/Hells_Gate.jpg\/220px-Hells_Gate.jpg\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/31\/Hells_Gate.jpg\/330px-Hells_Gate.jpg 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/31\/Hells_Gate.jpg\/440px-Hells_Gate.jpg 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" data-file-width=\"2832\" data-file-height=\"2128\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Hell's Gate, British Columbia\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hell%27s_Gate,_British_Columbia\">Hell's Gate, British Columbia<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"div-col\">\n<ul>\n<li>South America<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Aburra Valley\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aburra_Valley\">Aburra <\/a>\u00a0(Colombia)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Calchaqu\u00ed Valleys\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calchaqu%C3%AD_Valleys\">Calchaqu\u00ed <\/a>\u00a0(Argentina)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Para\u00edba Valley\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Para%C3%ADba_Valley\">Para\u00edba <\/a>\u00a0(Brazil)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Cauca River\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cauca_River\">Cauca\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Ischigualasto\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ischigualasto\">Ischigualasto<\/a>\u00a0<i>Valley of the Moon<\/i>\u00a0(Argentina)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span id=\"Antarctica\" class=\"mw-headline\">Antarctica valleys<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"West Antarctic Rift System\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/West_Antarctic_Rift_System\">West Antarctic Rift System<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"Extraterrestrial_valleys\" class=\"mw-headline\">Extraterrestrial valleys<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Numerous elongate depressions have been identified on the surface of\u00a0<a title=\"Mars\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mars\">Mars<\/a>,\u00a0<a title=\"Venus\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venus\">Venus<\/a>, the\u00a0<a title=\"Moon\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moon\">Moon<\/a>, and other\u00a0<a title=\"Solar System\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solar_System\">planets and their satellites<\/a>\u00a0and are known as\u00a0<a title=\"Vallis (planetary geology)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vallis_(planetary_geology)\">valles<\/a>\u00a0(singular: 'vallis'). Deeper valleys with steeper sides (akin to canyons) on certain of these bodies are known as\u00a0<a title=\"Chasma\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chasma\">chasmata<\/a>\u00a0(singular: 'chasma'). Long narrow depressions are referred to as\u00a0<a title=\"Fossa (planetary nomenclature)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fossa_(planetary_nomenclature)\">fossae<\/a>\u00a0(singular: 'fossa').<sup id=\"cite_ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#cite_note-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0These are the\u00a0<a title=\"Latin\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Latin\">Latin<\/a>\u00a0terms for 'valley, 'gorge' and 'ditch' respectively. The German term '<a title=\"Rille\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rille\">rille<\/a>' or Latin term 'rima' (signifying 'cleft') is used for certain other elongate depressions on the Moon.<sup id=\"cite_ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley#cite_note-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ellis-photos.com\/scapes\/?v=68caa8201064\">https:\/\/ellis-photos.com\/scapes\/?v=68caa8201064<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Valley There is never a majestic mountain without a deep valley, and there is no birth without pain. \u2014 Daniel Crawford A\u00a0valley\u00a0is an elongated low area often running between\u00a0hills\u00a0or\u00a0mountains, which will typically contain a\u00a0river\u00a0or\u00a0stream\u00a0running from one end to the other. Most valleys are formed by\u00a0erosion\u00a0of the land surface by rivers or streams over a very [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":1649,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"product_brand":[],"product_cat":[25],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-1692","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-scapes","8":"first","9":"instock","10":"taxable","11":"shipping-taxable","12":"purchasable","13":"product-type-variable"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Valley - Paul Ellis Photography<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A\u00a0valley\u00a0is an elongated low area often running between\u00a0hills\u00a0or\u00a0mountains, which typically contain a\u00a0river\u00a0or\u00a0stream\u00a0running from one end to the other.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ellis-photos.com\/?product=deep-valley\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Valley - 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